Over three decades ago, real-time software was predominantly written in assembly language or a combination of assembly and the C programming language. Even today, certain digital signal processing ...

As previously mentioned, the feedback sensors include position sensors to track the rotor’s location, current sensors to measure the motor phase currents, voltage sensors to monitor the DC bus voltage ...

Stepper motors are brushless synchronous electric motors powered by direct current that rotate in steps, keeping the rotor stationary under a specific power supply. A well-defined sequence of PWM ...